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• Duration of Exam: 60 minutes • Number of Questions: 30 • No negative marking for wrong answers • Passing score: 72% • Type of Questions: Multiple choice (MCQs), multiple answers. Most questions are scenario based. • Language of Exam: English • Product version: FortiNAC 8.5
NEW QUESTION 97
Which of the below options is a valid interpolation syntax for retrieving a data source?
- A. ${google_storage_bucket.backend}
- B. ${azurerm_resource_group.test.data}
- C. ${aws_instance.web.id.data}
- D. ${data.google_dns_keys.foo_dns_keys.key_signing_keys[0].ds_record}
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
Data source attributes are interpolated with the general syntax data.TYPE.NAME.ATTRIBUTE. The
interpolation for a resource is the same but without the data. prefix (TYPE.NAME.ATTRIBUTE).
https://www.terraform.io/docs/configuration-0-11/interpolation.html#attributes-of-a-data-source
NEW QUESTION 98
Named workspaces are not a suitable isolation mechanism for strong separation between staging and production?
- A. False
- B. True
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
Organizations commonly want to create a strong separation between multiple deployments of the same infrastructure serving different development stages (e.g. staging vs. production) or different internal teams. In this case, the backend used for each deployment often belongs to that deployment, with different credentials and access controls. Named workspaces are not a suitable isolation mechanism for this scenario.
https://www.terraform.io/docs/state/workspaces.html#when-to-use-multiple-workspaces
NEW QUESTION 99
What is not processed when running a terraform refresh?
- A. Cloud provider
- B. Configuration file
- C. Credentials
- D. State file
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
"The terraform refresh command reads the current settings from all managed remote objects and updates the
Terraform state to match."
NEW QUESTION 100
1. resource "aws_s3_bucket" "example" {
2. bucket = "my-test-s3-terraform-bucket"
3. ...} resource "aws_iam_role" "test_role" {
4. name = "test_role"
5. ...}
Due to the way that the application code is written, the s3 bucket must be created before the test role is
created, otherwise there will be a problem. How can you ensure that?
- A. This will already be taken care of by terraform native implicit dependency. Nothing else needs to be
done from your end. - B. Add explicit dependency using depends_on . This will ensure the correct order of resource creation.
- C. This is not possible to control in terraform . Terraform will take care of it in a native way , and create a
dependency graph that is best suited for the parallel resource creation. - D. Create 2 separate terraform config scripts , and run them one by one , 1 for s3 bucket , and another for
IAM role , run the S3 bucket script first.
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
Implicit dependency works only if there is some reference of one resource to another. Explicit dependency is
the option here.
NEW QUESTION 101
What are the benefits of using Infrastructure as Code? (select five)
- A. Infrastructure as Code provides configuration consistency and standardization among deployments
- B. Infrastructure as Code is easily repeatable, allowing the user to reuse code to deploy similar, yet
different resources - C. Infrastructure as Code gives the user the ability to recreate an application's infrastructure for disaster
recovery scenarios - D. Infrastructure as Code allows a user to turn a manual task into a simple, automated deployment (Correct)
- E. Infrastructure as Code easily replaces development languages such as Go and .Net for application
development - F. Infrastructure as Code is relatively simple to learn and write, regardless of a user's prior experience with
developing code
Answer: B,C,D,F
Explanation:
Explanation
If you are new to infrastructure as code as a concept, it is the process of managing infrastructure in a file or
files rather than manually configuring resources in a user interface.
A resource in this instance is any piece of infrastructure in a given environment, such as a virtual machine,
security group, network interface, etc. At a high level, Terraform allows operators to use HCL to author files
containing definitions of their desired resources on almost any provider (AWS, GCP, GitHub, Docker, etc) and
automates the creation of those resources at the time of application.
NEW QUESTION 102
Environment variables can be used to set variables. The environment variables must be in the format "____"_<variablename>. Select the correct prefix string from the following list.
- A. TF_VAR_
- B. TF_CLI_ARGS
- C. TF_VAR
- D. TF_VAR_ENV
Answer: A
Explanation:
Environment variables can be used to set variables. The environment variables must be in the format TF_VAR_name and this will be checked last for a value. For example:
export TF_VAR_region=us-west-1
export TF_VAR_ami=ami-049d8641
export TF_VAR_alist='[1,2,3]'
export TF_VAR_amap='{ foo = "bar", baz = "qux" }'
https://www.terraform.io/docs/commands/environment-variables.html
NEW QUESTION 103
You are reviewing Terraform configurations for a big project in your company. You noticed that there are several identical sets of resources that appear in multiple configurations. What feature of Terraform would you recommend to use to reduce the amount of cloned configuration between the different configurations?
- A. Modules
- B. Backends
- C. Provisioners
- D. Packages
Answer: A
Explanation:
Modules are reusable configuration packages that Terraform can share through a variety of sources including Terraform Registries, GitHub, and Amazon S3 buckets.
A module is a container for multiple resources that are used together. Modules can be used to create lightweight abstractions, so that you can describe your infrastructure in terms of its architecture, rather than directly in terms of physical objects.
Modules are reusable configuration packages that Terraform can share through a variety of sources including Terraform Registries, GitHub, and Amazon S3 buckets.
https://www.terraform.io/docs/modules/index.html
NEW QUESTION 104
You have modified your Terraform configuration to fix a typo in the Terraform ID of a resource from
aws_security_group.http to aws_security_group.http
Which of the following commands would you run to update the ID in state without destroying the resource?
- A. terraform refresh
- B. terraform apply
- C. terraform mv aws-security-group.htp aws-security-group.http
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
The terraform state mv command changes which resource address in your configuration is associated with a
particular real-world object. Use this to preserve an object when renaming a resource, or when moving a
resource into or out of a child module.
NEW QUESTION 105
terraform destroy is the only way to remove infrastructure.
- A. True
- B. False
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION 106
When writing Terraform code, HashiCorp recommends that you use how many spaces between each nesting level?
- A. 0
- B. 1
- C. 2
- D. 3
Answer: B
Explanation:
The Terraform parser allows you some flexibility in how you lay out the elements in your configuration files, but the Terraform language also has some idiomatic style conventions which we recommend users always follow for consistency between files and modules written by different teams. Automatic source code formatting tools may apply these conventions automatically.
Indent two spaces for each nesting level.
When multiple arguments with single-line values appear on consecutive lines at the same nesting level, align their equals signs:
ami = "abc123"
instance_type = "t2.micro"
When both arguments and blocks appear together inside a block body, place all of the arguments together at the top and then place nested blocks below them. Use one blank line to separate the arguments from the blocks.
Use empty lines to separate logical groups of arguments within a block.
For blocks that contain both arguments and "meta-arguments" (as defined by the Terraform language semantics), list meta-arguments first and separate them from other arguments with one blank line. Place meta-argument blocks last and separate them from other blocks with one blank line.
resource "aws_instance" "example" {
count = 2 # meta-argument first
ami = "abc123"
instance_type = "t2.micro"
network_interface {
# ...
}
lifecycle { # meta-argument block last
create_before_destroy = true
}
}
Top-level blocks should always be separated from one another by one blank line. Nested blocks should also be separated by blank lines, except when grouping together related blocks of the same type (like multiple provisioner blocks in a resource).
Avoid separating multiple blocks of the same type with other blocks of a different type, unless the block types are defined by semantics to form a family. (For example: root_block_device, ebs_block_device and ephemeral_block_device on aws_instance form a family of block types describing AWS block devices, and can therefore be grouped together and mixed.)
NEW QUESTION 107
What kind of resource dependency is stored in terraform.tfstate file?
- A. Only implicit dependencies are stored in state file.
- B. No dependency information is stored in state file.
- C. Only explicit dependencies are stored in state file.
- D. Both implicit and explicit dependencies are stored in state file.
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
Terraform state captures all dependency information, both implicit and explicit. One purpose for state is to
determine the proper order to destroy resources. When resources are created all of their dependency
information is stored in the state. If you destroy a resource with dependencies, Terraform can still determine
the correct destroy order for all other resources because the dependencies are stored in the state.
https://www.terraform.io/docs/state/purpose.html#metadata
NEW QUESTION 108
After executing a terraform apply, you notice that a resource has a tilde (~) next to it. What does this infer?
- A. The resource will be created.
- B. The resource will be updated in place.
- C. Terraform can't determine how to proceed due to a problem with the state file.
- D. The resource will be destroyed and recreated.
Answer: B
Explanation:
The prefix -/+ means that Terraform will destroy and recreate the resource, rather than updating it in-place.
The prefix ~ means that some attributes and resources can be updated in-place.
$ terraform apply
aws_instance.example: Refreshing state... [id=i-0bbf06244e44211d1]
An execution plan has been generated and is shown below.
Resource actions are indicated with the following symbols:
-/+ destroy and then create replacement
Terraform will perform the following actions:
# aws_instance.example must be replaced
-/+ resource "aws_instance" "example" {
~ ami = "ami-2757f631" -> "ami-b374d5a5" # forces replacement
~ arn = "arn:aws:ec2:us-east-1:130490850807:instance/i-0bbf06244e44211d1" -> (known after apply)
~ associate_public_ip_address = true -> (known after apply)
~ availability_zone = "us-east-1c" -> (known after apply)
~ cpu_core_count = 1 -> (known after apply)
~ cpu_threads_per_core = 1 -> (known after apply)
- disable_api_termination = false -> null
- ebs_optimized = false -> null
get_password_data = false
+ host_id = (known after apply)
~ id = "i-0bbf06244e44211d1" -> (known after apply)
~ instance_state = "running" -> (known after apply)
instance_type = "t2.micro"
~ ipv6_address_count = 0 -> (known after apply)
~ ipv6_addresses = [] -> (known after apply)
+ key_name = (known after apply)
- monitoring = false -> null
+ network_interface_id = (known after apply)
+ password_data = (known after apply)
+ placement_group = (known after apply)
~ primary_network_interface_id = "eni-0f1ce5bdae258b015" -> (known after apply)
~ private_dns = "ip-172-31-61-141.ec2.internal" -> (known after apply)
~ private_ip = "172.31.61.141" -> (known after apply)
~ public_dns = "ec2-54-166-19-244.compute-1.amazonaws.com" -> (known after apply)
~ public_ip = "54.166.19.244" -> (known after apply)
~ security_groups = [
- "default",
] -> (known after apply)
source_dest_check = true
~ subnet_id = "subnet-1facdf35" -> (known after apply)
~ tenancy = "default" -> (known after apply)
~ volume_tags = {} -> (known after apply)
~ vpc_security_group_ids = [
- "sg-5255f429",
] -> (known after apply)
- credit_specification {
- cpu_credits = "standard" -> null
}
+ ebs_block_device {
+ delete_on_termination = (known after apply)
+ device_name = (known after apply)
+ encrypted = (known after apply)
+ iops = (known after apply)
+ snapshot_id = (known after apply)
+ volume_id = (known after apply)
+ volume_size = (known after apply)
+ volume_type = (known after apply)
}
+ ephemeral_block_device {
+ device_name = (known after apply)
+ no_device = (known after apply)
+ virtual_name = (known after apply)
}
+ network_interface {
+ delete_on_termination = (known after apply)
+ device_index = (known after apply)
+ network_interface_id = (known after apply)
}
~ root_block_device {
~ delete_on_termination = true -> (known after apply)
~ iops = 100 -> (known after apply)
~ volume_id = "vol-0079e485d9e28a8e5" -> (known after apply)
~ volume_size = 8 -> (known after apply)
~ volume_type = "gp2" -> (known after apply)
}
}
Plan: 1 to add, 0 to change, 1 to destroy.
NEW QUESTION 109
Multiple configurations for the same provider can be used in a single configuration file.
- A. False
- B. True
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
You can optionally define multiple configurations for the same provider, and select which one to use on a per-resource or per-module basis. The primary reason for this is to support multiple regions for a cloud platform; other examples include targeting multiple Docker hosts, multiple Consul hosts, etc.
To include multiple configurations for a given provider, include multiple provider blocks with the same provider name, but set the alias meta-argument to an alias name to use for each additional configuration. For example:
# The default provider configuration
provider "aws" {
region = "us-east-1"
}
# Additional provider configuration for west coast region
provider "aws" {
alias = "west"
region = "us-west-2"
}
The provider block without alias set is known as the default provider configuration. When alias is set, it creates an additional provider configuration. For providers that have no required configuration arguments, the implied empty configuration is considered to be the default provider configuration.
https://www.terraform.io/docs/configuration/providers.html#alias-multiple-provider-instances
NEW QUESTION 110
When using Terraform to deploy resources into Azure, which scenarios are true regarding state files? (Choose
two.)
- A. When a change is made to the resources via the Azure Cloud Console, the current state file will not be
updated - B. When a change is made to the resources via the Azure Cloud Console, Terraform will update the state
file to reflect them during the next plan or apply - C. When a change is made to the resources via the Azure Cloud Console, the changes are recorded in the
current state file - D. When a change is made to the resources via the Azure Cloud Console, the changes are recorded in a new
state file
Answer: A,B
NEW QUESTION 111
By default, where does Terraform store its state file?
- A. remotely using Terraform Cloud
- B. Amazon S3 bucket
- C. shared directory
- D. current working directory
Explanation
By default, the state file is stored in a local file named "terraform.tfstate", but it can also be stored remotely, which works better in a team environment.
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION 112
True or False? Each Terraform workspace uses its own state file to manage the infrastructure associated with that particular workspace.
- A. False
- B. True
Answer: B
Explanation:
The persistent data stored in the backend belongs to a workspace. Initially, the backend has only one workspace, called "default", and thus there is only one Terraform state associated with that configuration.
NEW QUESTION 113
......
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